Classification and diagnosis generally follow successful interviewing with a client. The American Psychiatric Association brought classification and diagnosis into the modern era with the development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1952. With the DSM-IV publication in 1994, the American Psychiatric Association modernized the classification system to reflect recent changes in psychiatry. Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders are particularly troublesome because the symptoms are both diverse and extreme. Indeed, diagnosis involves a range of symptoms, only a subset of which need be present in order for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The diagnosis of schizophrenia is often arrived at through exclusion. Dissociative disorders involve the experience of disruptions in consciousness, identity, or memory, or a combination of these. With dissociative amnesia, the memory loss is quite specific and may involve the temporary inability to recall pertinent personal information that relates to a significant personal loss.