This chapter explores on what is the concept of childhood; through the medium of a key legal document, of an influential work of social history, and of recent sociological writing. It summarises by offering some important philosophical distinctions. Aries summarises in admirably clear and concise terms: In medieval society the idea of childhood did not exist; it is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of childhood is not confused with affection for children: it corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. In medieval society, the awareness was lacking. The awareness of childhood which medieval society lacks is present in contemporary society. Aries understands the concept of childhood a peculiarly modern awareness of what distinguishes children from adults.