This chapter examines the relationship between compliance and enforcement, shows the importance of an understanding of the enforcement process, its challenges, and weaknesses before designing enforcement programmes.

It also discusses enforcement strategies, mechanisms, action, and models linking better enforcement and enhanced environmental justice. It finds that stronger enforcement improves compliance and that an understanding of the enforcement process is important in designing enforcement programmes. It also finds that resource issues, technicality, and good relationships all contribute to the shift from command and control to responsive regulation, smart regulation, and meta-regulation.

Concluding that improved enforcement enhances environmental justice, the chapter discusses strengthening enforcement, considering the possibility of diffusing US laws and enforcement practices into developing countries, focusing on Nigeria, bearing in mind the socio-legal, cultural, socio-economic, and political differences and debate of the managerial and sanction-oriented theorists.