ABSTRACT
Forced return, the expulsion of those non-citizens who do not or who no longer fulfil the conditions for entry, stay or residence is now an accepted tool in the state’s arsenal of migration control. Forced returns may also include the physical removal of a migrant from the territory of one state to another, against his/her will. Such instances are referred to as ‘deportations’. This chapter outlines the developments in deportation policy, offers an overview of the empirical and theoretical literature and draws on the author’s work with Afghans facing and experiencing deportation from Australia, Europe, Iran and Pakistan.
