This chapter details progress made in the main components of capital formation and human resource development such as (1) capital goods, (2) foreign technology transfer, (3) research and development, and (4) scientific and technical personnel. The way these technology-embodying inputs are developed and utilized is greatly influenced by the structure of the economy (e.g. the pattern of income distribution, the nature and extent of demand, the final output mix, etc.) and the policy framework. In any economy like India’s the structure itself is moulded by the plan strategies and government policies. Accordingly, the focus of our analysis is on the role of the government in the process of developing and utilizing technology-embodying inputs.