ABSTRACT
While most studies on transnationalism focus on so-called bi-national ties spanning the home and host countries (Lucassen 2006), transnational ties also exist between actors with similar origins who are spread across several countries of settlement (Trotz 2006; Gowricharn 2009). For example, Turkish and Kurdish labor migrants and refugees are dispersed across Europe; some academics even speak of “Euro-Turks” (Kaya 2004). Østergaard-Nielsen argues that German-based federations serve as bridges between political parties in Turkey and organizations in other European countries (Østergaard-Nielsen 2003b), while Kurdish political lobbying often relies on cooperation between actors and organizations in different countries (Østergaard-Nielsen 2002). Such ties can be called “third country transnational ties” (Mügge 2010).
