ABSTRACT
Malan (2001) has summarized the basic principles of dynamic psychotherapy as follows:
Those who had an important early inuence on Freud, and his pre-psychoanalytic theories, included
• Helmholtz and Brücke-the physicochemical basis of brain function, concepts of energy and conservation, the Helmholtz School of Medicine
• Meynert-neuroanatomy and behaviour • Charcot-hysteria and hypnosis
Freud also gained important ideas from the writings of
• Darwin-the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Hughlings Jackson-the relationship of brain structure and function
9.2.2.1 Studies on Hysteria In 1895, Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud published Studies on Hysteria (Freud, 1962). This included the case of Anna O. (Bertha Pappenheim) who had been
treated by Breuer for hysterical symptomatology, including limb paralysis, associated with her father’s illness. The development of hysteria in general was considered to take the following course:
• The cause consisted of real experiences, which were usually traumatic.
