ABSTRACT
Tumor invasion (70%): ■ Bone invasion ■ Obstruction of hollow organ or duct system ■ Mucous membrane ulceration ■ Obstruction or invasion of vascular structures ■ Compression or invasion of neural structures Diagnosis and treatment (20%): ■ Diagnostic and staging procedures ■ Surgery ■ Radiotherapy (e.g., mucositis, enteritis, neurotoxicity) ■ Chemotherapy (e.g., mucositis, neurotoxicity) Cancer-induced syndromes (<10%): ■ Debility (constipation, rectal or bladder spasm) ■ Paraneoplastic syndromes Unrelated to cancer or cancer treatment: ■ Cardiac infarction ■ Ischemic disease ■ Other
Box 19.1 Causes of pain in cancer patients
