ABSTRACT
CONTENTS 10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 427 10.2 Lateral Earth Pressure.................................................................................................. 429 10.3 Basic Design Principles................................................................................................ 436
10.3.1 Effect of Water Table...................................................................................... 438 10.3.2 Effect of Compaction on Nonyielding Walls ............................................. 439
10.4 Gravity Walls................................................................................................................. 439 10.5 Cantilever Walls............................................................................................................ 446 10.6 MSE Walls ...................................................................................................................... 449
10.6.1 Internal Stability Analysis and Design........................................................ 450 10.6.2 Reinforced Earth Walls .................................................................................. 452 10.6.3 Geogrid-Reinforced Walls ............................................................................. 454 10.6.4 Geotextile-Reinforced Walls.......................................................................... 454
10.7 Sheet-Pile and Tie-Back Anchored Walls ................................................................. 455 10.7.1 Cantilever Sheet Piles..................................................................................... 455 10.7.2 Anchored Sheet Piles...................................................................................... 458
10.7.2.1 Redundancy in Design .................................................................. 460 10.7.3 Braced Excavations......................................................................................... 460 10.7.4 Tie-Back Anchored Walls .............................................................................. 461
10.8 Soil Nail Systems .......................................................................................................... 462 10.9 Drainage Considerations ............................................................................................. 463 10.10 Deformation Analysis .................................................................................................. 464 10.11 Performance under Seismic Loads ............................................................................ 465 10.12 Additional Examples.................................................................................................... 466 Glossary....................................................................................................................................... 482 References ................................................................................................................................... 482
Retaining walls are soil-structure systems intended to support earth backfills. Construction of retaining walls is typically motivated by the need to eliminate slopes in road widening projects, to support bridges and similar overpass and underpass elements, or to provide a level ground for shallow foundations. Retaining walls belong to a broader class of civil engineering structures, earth retaining structures, which also encompass temporary sheet-pile slurry and
of stone blocks and rockfill retaining walls is found at archeological sites around the world. The western (wailing) wall in Jerusalem was built by King Herod as a retaining wall for the city, and the hanging gardens of Babylon are believed to have been stepped terraces supported by brick and stone walls.
