ABSTRACT
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22.1 Introduction Diesel engines are widely used in transportation and industry, particularly for heavy-duty applications including trucks, buses, construction equipment, locomotives, and ships [1]. Additionally, diesel engines are used to power passenger vehicles with extensive use in some countries. While diesel passenger vehicles are presently uncommon in the United States, in Europe more than 50% of new passenger vehicles are powered by diesel engines. Because of the reliability of diesel engines and the cheaper cost of diesel fuel in many countries, the use of diesel engines is projected to increase.
