ABSTRACT
Data in this chapter may be updated by multiple searches using the keywords: epistaxis, aetiology, management, treatment and therapies, arterial supply, venous drainage and key clinical areas. Main articles, RCTs and systematic reviews were searched. Results were augmented by a manual search through major references and texts. Many older references are cited because of their quality and value which has stood the test of time. Indeed newer publications frequently, simply repeat (often without acknowledgment) the findings of much earlier works and so in these cases I have used the original publication as the reference.
