ABSTRACT
A critical review is presented on the degree of perfection and of utility for each of the four anchoring effects. The engineering models for the suspension effect and for the nailing effect appear sufficiently comprehensive as a model. Their utility depends mainly from reliability of input data. The beam building effect and the arch building effect are discussed in some detail and it is demonstrated that they involve complicated interactions which can not yet be sufficiently well formulated. As a result, practical observation by measurements is common for anchored structures, for allowing an empirical-scientific design approach and a feed-back cycle.
