ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on the innovative and emerging technologies that can be used to detect and measure contaminants in the vadose zone. It is meant to serve as an adjunct to discussions of the state-of-the-art technologies for monitoring and measuring the chemical and physical characteristics of the vadose zone. These technologies often yield superior results with respect to time, cost, and accuracy. Of course, in many cases the technologies can be used in other environmental and nonenviron-mental applications (for example, ground-water monitoring and process analytical chemistry). Our objective is to provide the interested user with a brief description of the basic operating principles of the different technologies, where the technologies stand with regard to commercial availability, the intended applications, and a list of contaminants detected. For more in-depth technical and application information, the reader is referred to the list of references at the end of the chapter.
