ABSTRACT
The prediction of displacements is limited to prediction of surface settlements. The prediction of lining pressures for shallow tunnels has received considerable attention over the last half a century. The separation of the problem of displacement from the problem of lining pressure is convenient analytically, but is entirely artificial. In reality, soil displacements are closely linked to soil pressures and vice versa. The tunnel was excavated by a tunnelling boring machine and lined with expanded precast segmented liner. The ground reaction curve refers to the crown of the tunnel. A different tunnelling method would result in different components, while a different soil might require a curved rather than a straight line. The lining pressures are given directly by the soil-lining equilibrium points at the curves, and the difference of pressure between the crown and the springline is a measure of the bending moments and shear forces in the lining.
