ABSTRACT

Xk is the characteristic value of a ground property anom is the nominal value of geometrical data (i.e. dimension) γE and γF are partial factors for effects of actions and actions, respectively γM and γR are partial factors for ground properties and ground resistance, respectively a is a safety margin or tolerance

(Note: all γ values are usually ≥ 1 and a is typically zero.)

Limit state EQU is described in EN 1990 and EN 1997-1 by two slightly different definitions:

EN 1997-1, 2.4.7.1(1)P gives: “Loss of equilibrium of the structure or the ground, considered as a rigid body, in which the strengths of structural materials and the ground are insignificant in providing resistance” EN 1990, 6.4.1(1)P gives: “Loss of static equilibrium of the structure or any part of it considered as a rigid body, where:

• minor variations in the value or the spatial distribution of actions from a single source are significant, and

• the strengths of construction materials or ground are generally not governing.”