ABSTRACT
Determining shape and position changes occurred in engineering is one of an application area of geodetic surveys. Temporary and permanent deformations occur in engineering structures such as dams, bridges, tunnels, viaducts and towers due to natural and artificial forces. Causes of these deformations are usually physical properties of ground, weight of structure, active external forces etc. (Clough 1960). The need to upgrade and further develop transportation infrastructure has lead to the on-going construction of large-diameter, long tunnels under difficult conditions.
