ABSTRACT
Tubes in structural applications not only need sufficient strength but also sufficient deformation capacity to allow for redistribution of stresses and loads. Such redistribution is important because in structural applications such as trusses and frames, the stresses are not only the result of the design loads, but often are also caused by loads that are usually not taken into account in the design. Examples are temperature differences, uneven settlements of supports, stresses due to welding, etc.
