ABSTRACT
Residual stresses in materials are often produced from metallurgical processes, such as casting, forging, welding and quenching processes, and so on. Usually, the production of residual stresses during metallurgical process depends on changes of thermal sources and volume due to microstructure. Generally, residual stresses of two types can be considered, i.e., macro-residual stresses and micro-residual stresses [1,2]. The macro-type depends on the plastic deformation of solid materials due to rapid non-uniform cooling. And, the strain and deformation due to phase transformation and change of microstructure are the sources of the micro-type residual stresses. We also know that the distortion due to thermal and elastic-plastic deformation and strain as well as change of phase transformation and texture in manufactured materials are important no matter the type of residual stress. Therefore, one of the many important problems is how to control and utilize residual stresses and distortion due to variations of macro-and microstructure in materials for increasing and ensuring strength and quality of products after metallurgical process.
