ABSTRACT
The initial diagnosis of venous malformation (VM) may often be achieved on physical examination alone, with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging used to reveal the extent of interaction with surrounding structures as well as for procedural planning. Occasionally, other investigations such as blood testing are required. Given the diversity in presentation, symptomatology, location, and extent of VMs, risks with therapy, and various treatment options, an individualized treatment plan should be devised using a multidisciplinary approach. Treatment modalities include systemic targeted drugs, open surgery, sclerotherapy, cryoablation, and laser photocoagulation.
