ABSTRACT

Traditionally the standard of care for treatment of venous malformations (VMs) has been percutaneous sclerotherapy and/or surgical resection. In certain cases, surgical resection can be difficult because of the risk for intraoperative bleeding, intraoperative lesional decompression, and difficulty in localization. Therefore, attempts were made to preoperatively embolize VMs with n-butyl cyanoacrylate and Onyx to make surgical resection technically feasible and to minimize risk of surgical complications. Although initial results with preoperative embolotherapy with n-butyl cyanoacrylate and Onyx are promising, further studies with a larger number of patients and longer follow-up times are needed for more accurate assessment of this multimodal treatment approach for patients with VMs.