How much pharmacological therapy can be incorporated in venous malformations management?

Vascular malformations include capillary, venous, lymphatic, and arteriovenous malformations as isolated or multifocal lesions, affecting one or combined vascular channels (e.g., venolymphatic malformations). They can be sporadic or familial, and many somatic or genomic mutations have been identified. Management has traditionally included close observation, endovascular procedures (sclerotherapy, embolization), surgical excision, and/or medical therapies directed at specific symptoms (e.g., pain, infection, bleeding, thromboses, etc.). However, we now have several pharmacological options that are discussed in this chapter.