ABSTRACT
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most intensively studied human autoimmune diseases, and belongs to the few for which immunomodulatory therapies have been approved during the last decade. Nevertheless, these treatments that include interferon-β, glatiramer acetate and mitoxantrone are only moderately effective in reducing disease exacerbations and brain inflammation. Further, although we have gained a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis of MS, we are far from achieving therapeutic specific immune intervention through the elimination of autoreactive T cells or by other means for restoring immune tolerance, and we have no MS-specific therapy to offer to patients with more advanced disease and long-standing disability.
