ABSTRACT
Traditional in vitro systems have been sub-optimal in recapitulating in vivo physiology. The development of three-dimensional (3D) organoid culture systems, which successfully recapitulate multiple aspects of in vivo biology in a dish, has opened up a new platform for both basic science and translational research. Following the initial description of brain organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and small intestinal organoids derived from adult stem cells (AdSCs), diverse types of organoids representing almost all organs in the body have now been reported. These novel systems have increased the speed of biomedical research by enabling the efficient biobanking of patient samples and disease modeling by genetic engineering. In this chapter, we provide an up-to-date overview of the various PSC- and AdSC-derived organoids reported, as well as their applications.
