ABSTRACT
All microbial populations in different ecosystems have a different role that influences the behavior of the others, possibly altering each other’s biochemical phenotypes, and this integration is known as the microbiome. But microbiomes are also affected by different anthropogenic emissions that contaminate soils, water, air, and all the other living beings and host particular microbiomes, turning this into a globally widespread problem. At the same time, the demand for new technologies to accelerate those decontaminations is increasingly growing, and in this context, the use of nanomaterials produced by particular microbial populations can be a valuable alternative. Nanobioremediation is a new emerging technique for remediation of pollutants using metal or metal oxides nanoparticles (MtNPs) synthesized mainly by microorganisms and from plant extracts. In this chapter, we list the most relevant scientific contributions regarding the studies of environmental microbiomes, their importance for the remediation of contaminated ecosystems, and on the bacterial or fungal synthesis of the main nanoparticles used also for bioremediation.
