ABSTRACT
Fabrication of nanoparticles is mainly performed by top-down approaches, bottom-up approaches, chemical precipitation, solvent injection, precipitation from the solvent-in-water emulsion, co-solvent evaporation, melt homogenization, emulsification process, sol-gel techniques. Nanotechnology is a scientific field that collectively relates engineering and pharmaceutical manufacturing principles at the molecular level. The nanopharmaceuticals is characterized for surface morphology scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, particle size (master sizer, zeta sizer, x-ray diffraction), zeta potential, and polydispersity index. Liposomes play a pivotal role in nanocosmetology by various means such as enhancement of penetration, diffusion of active ingredients through skin, targeted delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients, prolong the drug release time, diminish unnecessary toxicity and provide stability. Niosomes differ from liposomes in composition where instead of phospholipids it comprises of nonionic surfactant. Bilosomes show excellent stability in comparison to liposomes and niosomes in gastrointestinal fluid.
