ABSTRACT
In prokaryotes, which lack a cell nucleus, the Cell Cycle (CC) occurs via a process termed binary fission. In eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus, the CC is divided into three parts: interphase, the mitotic phase, and cytokinesis. The CC is controlled by numerous mechanisms that ensure accurate cell division. These mechanisms include the regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) by cyclins, CDK inhibitors, phosphorylating events, as well as the activation of checkpoints after deoxyribonucleic acid damage. The transition from one CC phase to another occurs in an orderly fashion and is regulated by different cellular proteins. Key regulatory proteins are the CDK, a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that are activated at specific points of the CC. Uptake of nanoparticles by cells is influenced by the phases of CC. It was shown that cells in different phases of the CC internalize nanoparticles at similar rates.
