ABSTRACT
A detection limit is estimated from the mean of blank, standard deviation of blank, and some confidence factor. Several detection limits are used, like instrument detection limit (IDL), method detection limit (MDL), practical quantification limit (PQL), and limit of quantification (LOQ), which could be determined using the following standard equations: σ = Σ ( η - η ¯ ) 2 n - 1 or SE = σ n - 1 and η ¯ = ∑ 1 n η n $$ \sigma = \sqrt {\frac{{\Sigma (\eta - \bar{\eta })^{2} }}{{n - 1}}} \,\,{\text{or}}\,\,{\text{SE}} = \frac{\sigma }{{\sqrt {n - 1} }}\,\,{\text{and}}\,\,\bar{\eta } = \mathop \sum \limits_{1}^{n} \frac{\eta }{n} $$ https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429027611/748760c0-2965-4686-bba6-8012435a4a05/content/math16_1.tif"/> Lower limit = η ¯ - 1.96 σ n and higher limit = η ¯ + 1.96 σ n . $$ {\text{Lower limit}} = \bar{\eta } - 1.96\frac{\sigma }{{\sqrt n }}\,\,\,{\text{and higher limit}}\,\, = \bar{\eta } + 1.96\frac{\sigma }{{\sqrt n }}. $$ https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429027611/748760c0-2965-4686-bba6-8012435a4a05/content/math16_2.tif"/>
