ABSTRACT
Collect data on size and foundress number for nests at regular intervals over the spring until the time of first adult emergence. Graphically determine whether there appears to be any relationship between nest size and number of foundresses. Calculate productivity on a per-foundress basis. Mark all foundresses on several nests, and follow the nests through until first worker emergence. Compare the mean probability of survival for single-foundress versus multi-foundress nests. Colony defense is a key function of social insect behavior and it has been suggested that one benefit to foundress groups is improved defense. Paper wasps belong to the family Vespidae, which also includes yellowjackets and hornets, all of which are social. The evolution of non-reproducing individuals in social insects has been problematic to biologists for some time. Among the social Hymenoptera, paper wasps are considered to be a key group.
