ABSTRACT
The respiratory zone of the lung begins at the respiratory bronchiole and continues into alveolar ducts and alveoli. Other upper respiratory tract infections include influenza, herpes simplex and zoster, tuberculosis, and leprosy, the causing a thickening of the nasal mucous membrane and perforation of the cartilage. The surface respiratory epithelium shows goblet cell hyperplasia with a thickened basement membrane. Congenital and acquired laryngeal conditions cause respiratory distress in children and adults. The total amount of air that can be expired is the forced vital capacity, which depends on lung size, integrity of the respiratory muscles, and skeleton. Any cause of inflammation in the lung or systemic inflammatory response can result in an increase in capillary permeability and subsequent pulmonary oedema. The traditional difficulty in distinguishing a primary lung tumour from secondary adenocarcinoma, e.g. from the stomach or pancreas, is simplified by the frequent expression of thyroid transcription factor by primary adenocarcinoma of the lung.
