ABSTRACT
This chapter presents a complete mathematical formulation of molecules involved in the Central Dogma of molecular biology. It describes several biological information transfers, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication, transcription and translation, and special information transfers. The chapter also presents the mathematical formulations of DNA sequences. It discusses three methods to convert character-based DNA sequences into numerical sequences and one method to describe the hybridized DNA double-strand sequence. The three methods are: Complex Number Representation, Integer Number Representation and Vector Representation. The chapter provides theoretical propositions about DNA sequence operation and DNA hybridization. It also discusses the models of ribonucleic acid (RNA) self-hybridized sequences, polarities of amino acids and the secondary structures of proteins based on the existing models of DNA. The method presented not only models the RNA secondary structures, but also reproduces the original single-strand RNA sequence. Like DNA molecules, RNA molecules also consist of sugar molecules, phosphate groups, and bases.
