ABSTRACT
Throughout the last hundred years, academics and practitioners have developed a very extensive body of literature on the theory and practice of change management, including the development of a wide range of concepts, models, tools, and techniques-there are many schools of thought with an ever-increasing literature supporting the evidence base. A clear understanding of leadership skills and techniques is essential for the success of any change management project. It has been used ever since and was much vaunted by the NHS Modernisation Agency and is widely used as one of the techniques available in the management and leadership of change processes. The model illustrates the four phases of the PDSA cycle—plan, do, study, act—that may be used as part of improving a process or processes. Managers need to develop a range of leadership competencies to ensure the success of change programmes.
