ABSTRACT
The microsurgical techniques depend mostly on the extensive research work using animal models. Microsurgical techniques include micromanipulation of tissues, microdissecting, and microsuturing techniques for different types of tissues such as vessels and nerves. End-to-end anastomosis is the conventional technique for repairing both small arteries and veins. After the perfection of microsurgical technique in the 1960s, rats became an ideal model for studying immune rejection. Rats can be easily paired according to their histocompatibility and are economical compared to dogs. An approach for treatment of osteonecrosis is a vascularized bone graft. Femoral head osteonecrosis has been treated using vascularized fibula graft and vascularized iliac crest graft. There are two different kinds of vascularized tendon grafts, the composite skin-tendon grafts and the free or pedicle tendon transfer. The vascularized nerve grafting has the advantages of early revascularization which may increase the speed of axon and myelin sheath regeneration and early revascularization which may decrease the extent of fibroblast infiltration and endoneural scarring.
