ABSTRACT
The spectral and temporal dependence of optical scattering introduces additional degrees of freedom for wavefront control. In brain areas where it is possible to form an aberrated focus, wavefront engineering may directly improve the resolution and excitation efficiency of microscopes. Wavefront engineering has already been used to image ~0.4 mm into the mouse brain cortex using an ultrasound guidestar. The combination of optogenetic activation with imaging fluorescent excitation provides a flexible toolbox for the experimental neuroscientist to simultaneously interact with and measure many spatially resolved neurons at relatively high speeds. Conventional microscopes imaging tissue samples thicker than l will also capture scattered photons, which deteriorate image quality. Unlike the incoherent imaging methods, coherent light retains a significant amount of information after scattering many times through disordered material such as biological tissue. Confocal imaging is a well-known example that physically blocks scattered light. Optical coherence tomography uses interference to achieve a similar effect.
