ABSTRACT
This chapter opens with a brief description of surgically relevant anatomy and development of the parathyroid glands. It goes on to enumerate the causes of hyperparathyroidism with the indications of surgery in each of the specific conditions. It also explores the nature of surgery required in each of the conditions associated with hyperparathyroidism. It focuses on the various approaches for the conduct of such surgeries and the pros and cons of such procedures. It gives an overview of the latest methods of preoperative and intraoperative localization and operative adjuncts, which have revolutionized surgery for the parathyroids. It gives a perspective on the surgical management of recurrent and persistent hypercalcemia following the primary surgery for parathyroid diseases.
