ABSTRACT
Personalized cancer treatment became a standard approach in the treatment of human cancers in twenty-first century. Among predictive cancer biomarkers, the estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER/PR) have the longest history: they have been used in the clinic to predict responses to endocrine therapy in breast cancer for over 40 years. Immunohistochemical analysis of ER/PR expression is mandatory for all newly diagnosed breast cancer cases and recurrences. BRAF mutations have also been detected in colorectal, lung, and ovarian cancer, as well as in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibition is an effective treatment strategy for some cancers, but there is currently no clear predictor of tumor responsiveness. The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors olaparib and rucaparib have been approved for the treatment of advanced previously treated ovarian cancer with germline BRCA mutation. The number of predictive biomarkers transferred to clinical practice will continue to increase in parallel with the number of new drugs in the coming years.
