ABSTRACT
Epigenetics govern the molecular mechanism of gene expression which converts genetic information to phenotypic information. Epigenetic changes are basically heritable changes in terms of both phenotypes and genotypes without any modification or change in deoxyribonucleic acid sequences. Nanoparticles (NPs) have a contrastingly different optical, mechanical, thermal and catalytic behaviour from their own bulk materials due to their increase in surface area to volume ratio. Reports by various research groups have exhibited the potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity associated with NPs both in vitro and in vivo. Organic NPs such as liposomes, ethosomes, polymer–drug conjugates, and polymer–protein conjugates are most preferably used in the pharmaceutical sector. In comparison to organic NPs, inorganic NPs are more uniform and can be modulated according to their application for biomedical usage. Based on the route employed, the synthesis of NPs can be further divided into physical synthesis, chemical synthesis, and biological synthesis.
