ABSTRACT
This chapter describes the development of particle-induced X-ray emission and particle-induced gamma-ray emission techniques for characterizing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). It shows that the development has been realized by a microbeam technology to analyze elemental distribution in a LIB and an external beam technology to irradiate the sample in an atmospheric or any gas-filled environment by a scanning microbeam. The chapter focuses on ion microbeam analysis of LIBs, with a submicrometer-diameter ion beam of several mega-electron volts energy and 100 pA–1 nA current. Micrometer-scale distributions of Li and other elements were measured with the proton microbeam facility at Takasaki Ion Accelerators for Advanced Radiation Application, Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology. The chapter also describes how to measure the dependencies of the lithium distribution in the electrodes on the thickness of the electrode and the charge and discharge conditions. It presents the characterization of the depth distribution of the lithium concentration by using a proton microbeam.
