ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the various physiological outcomes observed by Engineered nanomaterial (NM) interaction. Understanding toxicity and its impact is essential for commercialising NMs. Therefore, it is vital to understand the mechanism behind cell death. NMs of size <200 nm are taken up via the caveolae-dependent endocytosis. This endocytosis method is a clathrin-independent intake method which is a mixture of pinocytosis and endocytosis facilitated by caveolae and glycolipid rafts. NMs of size <200 nm are taken up via phagocytosis. It is utilised by several mammalian cells such as the mononuclear phagocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils to eliminate infectious particles or cellular debris. Pinocytosis is an endocytic internalisation process occurring in all different cell types, which uptake particles from a few to several 100 nm. The existence of NM libraries detailing the physical parameters and the biological environment can help to enhance material selection and commercial applications.
