ABSTRACT
The practices of agroforestry in plain and hill/mountainous region exhibit its wide applicability, possibilities, and scope in agroclimatic zones and represent an ideal system for multifarious benefits and provision of great ecosystem services. Agroforestry is not a new concept; it is working from a time immemorial and today extensively adopted in plain and hills of the tropics. In general, agroforestry provides both tangible and intangible benefits, but it works very efficiently while adopting in a hilly and mountainous region in term of conserving soil and water through minimizing erosion and reduces the loss top organic matter (OM), which is the basic source of essential nutrient for plants and soil-inhabiting organism. Therefore, the provision of ecosystem services is not limited to soil and water conservation and soil health but also provides diverse form of materials (as timber and NTFPs), enhance the overall yield and biomass, store, and sequester atmospheric carbon, helps in mitigating climate change, higher economical returns (basically strengthening the poor farmers income) and maintain food, health, and environment security along with ecosystem stability.
