ABSTRACT
Anemia is the most common hematologic disorder worldwide and is prevalent among preterm infants. Some studies suggest that an increasing severity of anemia may increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. In this chapter, the role of anemia in NEC pathogenesis is reviewed by summarizing data from observational studies, randomized trials, and preclinical models. Strategies to modify the severity of anemia are highlighted, including approaches to RBC transfusion, use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, placental transfusion strategies, and minimization of phlebotomy-related blood loss. Current evidence supports the potential effects of severe anemia on the development of NEC, although ongoing randomized trials will provide stronger causal evidence to determine if preventing severe anemia can reduce the risk of NEC.
