ABSTRACT
The bee louse Braula coeca Nitzsch is a wingless Dipteran commensilate in honey bee, Apis mellifera L. colonies. It has been reported on every continent and in 13 of the United States. On worker honey bees, only 1.4% contained more than one lice while 62% of queens had lice. Dolichovespula arctica usually invades embryo colonies and coexists with the host queen prior to the emergence of the host workers. The nest structure and the soldier behavior are two main defense mechanisms of Termites. In several species of Microcerotermes, Cephalotermes, Procubitermes, Cubitermes and Noditermes the nests are composed of many little chambers connected by small openings. The aggression between wood ant nests appeared to be maximum in early spring when many wood ant wars broke out. Opportunity for using the bait-and-capture technique occurs during spontaneous nest expansion by termites and following accidental breaching of the nest.
