ABSTRACT
The ponderosa pine vegetative type extends south from Montana into New Mexico and Arizona and east from California and Oregon into the Plains States. This chapter examines the economic losses resulting from ponderosa pine needle abortion in the 17 western states. Data were obtained from published literature, surveys of cattle producers, and personal interviews with producers, veterinarians, researchers, and extension service personnel. The analysis included: determining the number of beef cows in each of the 17 western states; calculating the percentage of the total forest-range acreage comprised by the ponderosa pine vegetation type in each state; and estimating the number of beef cows grazing in these pines. The paucity of data makes it difficult to quantify the economic losses associated with ponderosa pine needle consumption. Abortion losses from ingestion of ponderosa pine needles vary within an area and annually on an individual ranch.
