ABSTRACT
The applications of nanomaterials include their use in diagnostics and as therapeutics. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles have been used in protein separation, protein immobilization, and in imaging for enhancing the sensitivity of magnetic resonance methods. Murine macrophages and human neutrophils also have inducible nitric oxide synthetase, which produces nitric oxide, which in turn reacts with other Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) to form peroxynitrites. These ROS destroy the endocytosed pathogen/other foreign material. Thus, ROS form part of immune system in defense against infectious microorganisms. A penicillin resistant Staphylococcus strain was reported in 1940, even though the penicillin was commercially introduced only around 1943. Thus, antibiotic resistance is a part of the inherent defense mechanism of the microorganisms. While antibiotic resistance has been observed in the cases of all kinds of the microorganisms, this has become especially alarming in the case of the bacteria.
