ABSTRACT
Human health and natural ecosystem have gone under threat because of a huge amount load of several types of pollutants involving solid waste, liquid waste, toxic gases, radioactive waste and even heavy metals that are highly persistent in soil. Chemical and physical technologies for soil remediation are either inefficient or not eco-friendly and too costly, while bioremediation technologies are believed to be one of the most cost-effective and eco-friendly methods for remediation of polluted environment. Bioremediation technologies have been developed in the last few decades and are used to alleviate environmental contaminations. Bioremediation process involves degradation, eradication, immobilization, or detoxification of different chemical wastes and hazardous materials through microbial activities. Different strategies are involved in bioremediation process such as in situ and ex situ bioremediation and phytoremediation technologies which remediate the contaminants from soil, water and air. Bioremediation also has its own limitations and challenges like other methods and sometimes toxic intermediates might be formed during this incomplete biodegradation.
