ABSTRACT
Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is not a diagnosis; it defines the structural coronal and/or sagittal spinal deformity that started before the age of 10 years. Diagnosis relies on a multidisciplinary approach with a team consisting of a spine deformity surgeon, paediatric orthopaedic surgeon, neurologist, paediatrician, pulmonologist, nutrition specialist, genetic specialist, radiologist, physiotherapist, and neurosurgeon. EOS remains a challenging scenario because natural history varies according to the aetiology, there is no globally agreed-upon method for treatment, and outcomes rely on the patient’s comorbidities, diagnosis, and management protocols. The preoperative assessment starts with proper history-taking with analysis of the parents’ complaint, followed by proper examination of the musculoskeletal system, neurological state, pulmonary state, and syndromic assessment. A physical examination of patients with EOS deformity is mandatory. Neurocutaneous signs of intraspinal pathologies (spinal dysraphism) can appear from history or examination; it is common with congenital cases that these include hairy patches and dimples overlying the spine and may denote the presence of bladder symptoms.
