ABSTRACT
This chapter addresses the breathing disorders associated with Early onset scoliosis (EOS), the ways to evaluate them, and the role of medical providers in managing children with EOS in resource-limited settings (RLS). EOS is often classified by aetiology, but diagnosis and strategies for care depend on the age at presentation. Several pathophysiologic processes coexist in children with EOS. Spine and chest wall deformities lead to malalignment of the vertebral body, ribs, and sternum. On physical exam, a posterior rib hump is present with or without changes in the anterior chest. One shoulder is often higher than the other. Inspection will also reveal that children use their abdominal muscles to exhale more forcefully at rest; however, this is not a prolonged exhalation but a short push with every breath. The physical examination in young children who are able to run should include an examination after running to hear breath sounds with deeper breathing and to count the respiratory rate.
