ABSTRACT
Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is defined as a spinal deformity occurring before the age of ten years. EOS is a complex and heterogeneous condition of significant diversity with respect to etiology, natural history, and management. Ossification of the vertebral bodies starts at the third month of intrauterine life. The length of the thoracic spine is critical for normal lung development. The final length of the thoracic spine is closely related to the lung volume obtained at skeletal maturity. Etiologies are listed in prioritised order from highest to lowest. When etiology is mixed and/or unclear, etiologic assignment should be made starting from the top of the list. Serial casting for infantile scoliosis may result in complete correction in some patients, but it also plays an important role in delaying the need for surgery in most patients. Proper casting corrects the curve by rotating and shifting it toward the midline without pushing the ribs toward the spine.
