The advent of medical imaging has had a tremendous impact on the detection of various types of diseases. In this regard, medical image processing has made a substantial contribution in identifying numerous diseases, as well as in reducing the human effort required in various healthcare applications. Currently, digital sensors are also used along with the standard image modalities such as Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), ultrasound, and X-Rays. In the past, these diseases have been examined by doctors or radiologists, which rendered them more prone to human error. Until now, researchers have used various image modalities for detecting and diagnosing diseases. The various image modalities that are used to automate the process of detecting these diseases are described in this chapter. This chapter also emphasizes recent advancements in the field of medical imaging, as well as future trends in state-of the-art image processing algorithms in providing efficient and affordable healthcare services.