ABSTRACT
Believe or not, we are in the era of the fourth industrial revolution. It is critical for statisticians to understand or even master the centerpiece of this revolution, artificial intelligence (AI). Google, Amazon, Facebook, IBM, and many other companies have broken new ground in AI including self-driving cars, cashier-free convenience stores, smart hospital care, personal assistants, and precision medicine. This chapter will introduce the concept of AI and give an overview of breakthroughs of AI in drug development including drug discovery, patient compliance and prediction of patient outcomes and prediction of clinical trial results, and a tutorial on deep learning methods, which are a set of novel tools for generating AI. They were developed based on a class of almost forgotten old algorithms, neural networks that were revived to become mainstream in big data analytics thanks to the advancement of big data and computer processing power. The utility of deep learning in analyzing electronic health records (EHR) will be illustrated in terms of predicting patient and clinical trial outcomes for clinical trial optimization. Last, an overview will be given on Python, a commonly used software for deep learning, and the very necessary computing environment, cloud.
