ABSTRACT
Prior to the introduction of transrectal ultrasound, digital guidance was used for the performance of prostate biopsies. Donald and his colleagues in Glasgow contributed significant research in regard to ultrasonography in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell, in 1946, independently discovered the magnetic resonance phenomena when they studied the magnetic resonance properties of atoms and molecules in solids and liquids. Sir Peter Mansfield improved the mathematics behind magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) when he suggested gradients as a way to spatially localize nuclear magnetic resonance signals, and developed the echo-planar technique that allowed images to be produced in seconds and later become the basis for fast magnetic resonance imaging. Multiparametric MRI has been promising when used for localization and targeting of suspicious prostate lesions. Prostate cancer staging involves assessment of extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle involvement, and lymph node and bone involvement.
